Considering it was after this that Vegeta started to make gains that he cited as "no normal increase", as well as comparing it to how the U6 Saiyans have been shown to evolve, it can be concluded that the tail not growing back is some evolutionary sign of a Saiyan coming into the threshold where they have the potential to become a Super Saiyan and not be dependent on the Oozaru form.
That's the best in-universe answer I can think of. The meta answer is obviously
got tired of drawing tails and chose to just do away with them when possible.