I don't think that's what Goku's motivation was, really. Post-Tao his motivation was to help Upa. His motivation after Raditz was to save the Earth. A motivation while fighting Vegeta was saving the Earth. His motivation on the way to Freeza was to bring Chazou, Yamcha and Piccolo back and also to overtake Vegeta. A motivation during the fight with Freeza was revenge for Krillin/others killed and to stop an evil person. His words to Krillin when Vegeta was defeated indicate he cared about being the strongest, as did his fights in the tournaments. He's not only looking to better himself - he's comparing himself to others, and he's looking to help others.
Post-Cell is when he wasn't motivated by others or trying to compete with anyone (unless rivals like Pikkon are canon, which they could be, even if he didn't mention them in the manga). However, here he had the benefit of being in the Other World, with less fatigue to his body. So I would put his gains as down to that. Ignoring that would be like saying the reason Goku got so strong in the rosat under Mr Popo is because of his motivation and not because of the rosat's environment.
About it being attainable or not, have Vegeta's motivations gone that way in Super? I guess he does train for fun more in Super, like when he trains with the weights alongside Goku. He's more motivated by training/fighting for others now, and he's caught up with or overtaken Goku sometimes (is it any more than in Z though? He was sometimes the strongest in Z too). So maybe it was possible to copy Goku, but I don't know about fighting/training to only better himself, because he's clearly not doing that in Super, but I also don't think that was an accurate assessment of Goku anyway.
But to answer whether emulating Goku's motivations have made him stronger in Z, I think probably, because it seems like he's had better gains in Super than in Z, relative to Goku. But based on Z only, I don't know. I would say probably yes, because there are times Vegeta fucked around due to his pride letting him down (post-18, post-Cell) and having other motivations alongside his competitive pride (which Goku also has, just less pronounced and less arrogant) could have helped him.