Vegeta showed frustration towards the end of the fight with Super Saiyan Black. Prior to that, he was talking shit to Zamasu about how Beerus killed him in the past. He was not shown to be overly annoyed until the fight was decided. Vegeta put up a better fight after healing, but Black's hits were actually damaging Vegeta. Since Super Saiyan 2 Vegeta was already superior to Super Saiyan Black, it's more likely that he didn't use full-power.
After he was healed, we see him power-up before attacking Black:
This most likely was his full-power.
Black stated that his soul was becoming one with Goku's body. The more powerful he became, the more accustomed he had gotten to the body. He made it into his own. That's how he was able to reach Super Saiyan Rose. The state was stated to have surpassed Super Saiyan God. If you go by the exhibition tournament, Super Saiyan God alone was shown and stated to be on an entirely different level than Super Saiyan 3. I don't see why this same transition wouldn't apply to Super Saiyan-->Super Saiyan Rose.
Overall, Blue Vegeta and Super Saiyan Black should be comparable. If Rose Black isn't superior to Blue Vegeta, then the change in power was minor at best...and I don't get that impression when I read the chapter.